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''Hoodia gordonii'' is a leafless spiny succulent plant with medicinal properties. It grows naturally in South Africa and Namibia. The species became internationally known and threatened by collectors, after a marketing campaign falsely claiming that it was an appetite suppressant for weight loss.〔Effects of 15-d repeated consumption of Hoodia gordonii purified extract on safety, ad libitum energy intake, and body weight in healthy, overweight women: a randomized controlled trial1,2,3Wendy AM Blom, Salomon L Abrahamse, Roberta Bradford, Guus SMJE Duchateau, Winfried Theis, Antonia Orsi, Caroline L Ward, and David J Mela, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 10-12-2011, ()〕〔Weight Loss Customers Are Being Hoodia-Winked, Harriet Hall, Science-Based Medicine, 11-8-2011, ()〕The flowers smell like rotten meat and are pollinated mainly by flies. The indigenous San people (Bushmen) of the Namib desert call this plant ''ǁhoba'' (pronounced - the initial sound is a lateral click) - and the Afrikaans '' Ghaap''. ''Hoodia gordonii'' was discovered and painted by col. Robert Jacob Gordon in the vicinity of the Orange River in about 1779, and identified as a ''Stapelia'', a closely related genus. ==Medicinal properties== The genus became internationally known and threatened by collectors, after a marketing campaign falsely claiming that it was an appetite suppressant for weight loss.〔Effects of 15-d repeated consumption of Hoodia gordonii purified extract on safety, ad libitum energy intake, and body weight in healthy, overweight women: a randomized controlled trial1,2,3Wendy AM Blom, Salomon L Abrahamse, Roberta Bradford, Guus SMJE Duchateau, Winfried Theis, Antonia Orsi, Caroline L Ward, and David J Mela, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 10-12-2011, ()〕〔Weight Loss Customers Are Being Hoodia-Winked, Harriet Hall, Science-Based Medicine, 11-8-2011, ()〕 Pre-scientific cultures indigenous to Southern Africa believed the plant to be an appeitite suppressant and to have other medicinal properties, such as treating indigestion and small infections. In 1977, the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) isolated the ingredient in hoodia—now known as P57—which may be responsible for its putative appetite-suppressant effect, and patented it in 1996.〔Dixon, Robyn (December 26, 2006). Hoodia fever takes a toll on rare plant. ''Los Angeles Times''〕 The CSIR then granted United Kingdom-based Phytopharm a license, and they collaborated with the pharmaceutical company Pfizer to isolate active ingredients from the extracts and look into synthesizing them for use as an appetite suppressant. Pfizer released the rights to the primary ingredient in 2002. Paul Hutson, associate professor in the University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Pharmacy, told the ''Wisconsin State Journal'', "For Pfizer to release something dealing with obesity suggests to me that they felt there was no merit to its oral use."〔Rath, Jay. ("New Drug Tempting Dieters, But Experts Debate Hoodia's Merits" ). ''Wisconsin State Journal'', September 5, 2005, D1〕 Pfizer states that development on P57, the active ingredient of hoodia, was stopped due to the difficulty of synthesizing it.〔Morris, Joan. ("Little research behind claims that hoodia is safe, effective for losing weight" ). ''Seattle Times'', March 9, 2006〕 Jasjit Bindra, lead researcher for hoodia at Pfizer, states there were indications of unwanted effects on the liver caused by other components, which could not be easily removed from the supplement, adding, "Clearly, hoodia has a long way to go before it can earn approval from the Food and Drug Administration. Until safer formulations are developed, dieters should be wary of using it."〔Bindra, Jasjit. ("A Popular Pill's Hidden Danger" ), ''The New York Times'', April 26, 2005〕 In 2002, CSIR officially recognized the San tribespeople’s rights over hoodia, allowing them to take a percentage of the profits and any spin-offs resulting from the marketing of hoodia.〔Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (24 March 2003) (The San and the CSIR announce a benefit-sharing agreement for potential anti-obesity drug. )〕 ''H. gordonii'' is a protected plant which may only be wild-harvested by individuals and the few companies which have been granted a license.〔Thompson, Ginger (April 1, 2003). "Twee Rivieren Journal; Bushmen Squeeze Money From a Humble Cactus". ''The New York Times''.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hoodia gordonii」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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